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II.,Reducibility",,Illinois,Journal,of,Mathematics,,21,(3):,491567,,MR0543793,Appel,,Kenneth;,Haken,,Wolfgang,(October,1977),,"Solution,of,the,Four,Color,Map,Problem",,Scientific,American,,237,(4),,pp.108121,,doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1077-108,Appel,,Kenneth;,Haken,,Wolfgang,(1989),,Every,Planar,Map,is,Four-Colorable,,Contemporary,Mathematics,,98,,With,the,collaboration,of,J.,At,the,time,,Guthrie's,brother,,Frederick,,was,a,student,of,Augustus,De,Morgan,(the,former,advisor,of,Francis),at,University,College,London.,(1984),,,"Solution,,of,,the,,Ringel,,problem,,on,,vertex-face,,coloring,,of,,planar,,graphs,,and,,coloring,,of,,1-planar,,graphs",,,Metody,,Diskretnogo,,Analiza,,(41):,,1226,,,108,,,MR832128.,,Others,,took,,up,,his,,methods,,and,,his,,computer-assisted,,approach.,,Francis,,inquired,,with,,Frederick,,regarding,,it,,,who,,then,,took,,it,,to,,De,,Morgan,,(Francis,,Guthrie,,graduated,,later,,in,,1852,,,and,,later,,became,,a,,professor,,of,,mathematics,,in,,South,,Africa).,,Query,cannot,a,necessity,for,five,or,more,be,invented",(Wilson,2014,,p.18),.,Because,,all,,the,,territory,,of,,a,,particular,,country,,must,,be,,the,,same,,color,,,four,,colors,,may,,not,,be,,sufficient.,,This,,,removed,,,the,,,need,,,to,,,trust,,,the,,,various,,,computer,,,programs,,,used,,,to,,,verify,,,particular,,,cases;,,,it,,,is,,,only,,,necessary,,,to,,,trust,,,the,,,Coq,,,kernel.[10].,,,Verifying,,,the,,,volume,,,describing,,,the,,,unavoidable,,,configuration,,,set,,,itself,,,was,,,done,,,by,,,peer,,,review,,,over,,,a,,,period,,,of,,,several,,,years.,,,
Appel,,and,,Haken's,,approach,,started,,by,,showing,,that,,there,,is,,a,,particular,,set,,of,,1,936,,maps,,,each,,of,,which,,cannot,,be,,part,,of,,a,,smallest-sized,,counterexample,,to,,the,,four,,color,,theorem.,,In,,general,,,the,,surrounding,,graph,,must,,be,,systematically,,recolored,,to,,turn,,the,,ring's,,coloring,,into,,a,,good,,one,,,as,,was,,done,,in,,the,,case,,above,,where,,there,,were,,4,,neighbors;,,for,,a,,general,,configuration,,with,,a,,larger,,ring,,,this,,requires,,more,,complex,,techniques.,,In,,,addition,,,,bizarre,,,maps,,,(using,,,regions,,,of,,,finite,,,area,,,but,,,infinite,,,perimeter),,,can,,,require,,,more,,,than,,,four,,,colors.[2],,,Second,,,,for,,,the,,,purpose,,,of,,,the,,,theorem,,,,every,,,"country",,,has,,,to,,,be,,,a,,,connected,,,region,,,,or,,,contiguous.,,,55,,(11):,,13821393.From,,this,,paper:,,Definitions:,,A,,planar,,map,,is,,a,,set,,of,,pairwise,,disjoint,,subsets,,of,,the,,plane,,,called,,regions.,,By,joining,the,single,arrows,together,and,the,double,arrows,together,,one,obtains,a,torus,with,seven,mutually,touching,regions;,therefore,seven,colors,are,necessary,.,Other,,false,,disproofs,,violate,,the,,assumptions,,of,,the,,theorem,,in,,unexpected,,ways,,,such,,as,,using,,a,,region,,that,,consists,,of,,multiple,,disconnected,,parts,,,or,,disallowing,,regions,,of,,the,,same,,color,,from,,touching,,at,,a,,point.,,Map,,of,,the,,world,,using,,just,,four,,colors.,,
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Jamachary replied
483 weeks ago